What distinguishes the Formal Operations stage in Piaget's theory?

The Formal Operations stage, according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, is characterized by the ability to think abstractly and hypothetically. This stage, which typically emerges around the age of 11 or 12, allows individuals to reason about concepts that are not directly tied to concrete experiences. They can formulate and test hypotheses, think logically about abstract propositions, and consider multiple perspectives simultaneously.

In this stage, learners are capable of using deductive reasoning and can formulate theories about the world that go beyond the immediate and observable. This contrasts significantly with earlier stages in Piaget's model, where thinking is more rigid and based on tangible experiences. The capacity for abstract thought enables individuals to tackle complex problems and engage in advanced mathematical reasoning, philosophical discussions, and scientific thinking.

The other options reflect characteristics of earlier developmental stages or more limited thinking abilities. For example, dependence on concrete experiences and solely relying on sensory experiences describe prior stages where children are more focused on tangible and observable interactions with their environment. Focusing only on factual knowledge indicates a limited capacity for analysis and synthesis that is vital during the Formal Operations stage, as this stage emphasizes flexibility in thought and exploration of abstract concepts.